In the Saga of King Hrolf Kraki Family Tree
Hrólfr Kraki spreading golden to escape the Swedes, by Jenny Nyström (1895).
Hrólfr Kraki (Former Norse: [ˈhroːlvz̠ ˈkrɑke]), Hroðulf, Rolfo, Roluo, Rolf Krage (early 6th century[1]) was a semi-legendary Danish king who appears in both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian tradition.
Both traditions depict him as a Danish Scylding, the nephew of Hroðgar and the grandson of Healfdene. The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions draw the same people.[2] Whereas the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and Widsith do not go further than treating his relationship with Hroðgar and their animosity with Froda and Ingeld, the Scandinavian sources expand on his life as the king at Lejre and on his relationship with Halga, Hroðgar's brother. In Beowulf and Widsith, it is never explained how Hroðgar and Hroðulf are uncle and nephew.
Beowulf [edit]
| Hrólf Kraki Tradition |
| Hrólf Kraki's saga |
| Ynglinga saga |
| Lejre Chronicle |
| Gesta Danorum |
| Beowulf |
| People |
| Hrólfr Kraki |
| Halfdan |
| Helgi |
| Yrsa |
| Adils |
| Áli |
| Bödvar Bjarki |
| Hjörvard |
| Roar |
| Locations |
| Lejre |
| Uppsala |
| Fyrisvellir |
The poem Beowulf introduces Hroðulf every bit kinsman.[3] Later, the text explains that Hroðulf is Hroðgar's nephew and that "each was true to the other".[4] Hroðgar is given three siblings, brothers Heorogar and Halga and an unnamed sister, all the children of Healfdene and belonging to the regal clan known equally the Scyldings.[5] The poem does not indicate which of Hroðgar'due south siblings is Hroðulf'southward parent, only later Scandinavian tradition establishes this as Halga.
Hroðgar and queen Wealhþeow had two young sons, Hreðric and Hroðmund, and Hroðulf would be their guardian in case Hroðgar dies. In a deliberately ironic passage[half-dozen] it appears that the queen trusts Hroðulf, non suspecting that he volition murder her sons to claim the throne for himself:
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No existence of any Hreðric or Hroðmund, sons of Hroðgar, has survived in Scandinavian sources (although Hreðric has been suggested to be the aforementioned person as Hroerekr/Roricus, a Danish rex generally described equally a son or successor of Ingjald[ix]). This Hroerekr is sometimes said to take been killed past Hrólfr, vindicating the foreshadowing in Beowulf.
The Scyldings were in conflict with some other clan or tribe named the Heaðobards led past their rex Froda and his son Ingeld. It is in relation to this war that Hroðulf is mentioned in the other Anglo-Saxon poem where he appears, Widsith.
Hrólf and Hroðulf [edit]
A common identification is that Hrólf Kraki is the same as the character Hroðulf (Hroðgar'south nephew) in Beowulf. There seems to be some foreshadowing in Beowulf that Hroðulf will attempt to usurp the throne from Hroðgar's sons Hreðric and Hroðmund, a human action that also seems to be referred to in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum (Volume two), where we find: "... our king, who laid depression Rorik, the son of Bok the covetous, and wrapped the coward in expiry." Rorik is the form we would expect Hreðric to take in Danish and we find personages named Rorik or Hrok or similar in almost version of the Hrólf Kraki tradition, only differently accounted for, seemingly indicating that Scandinavian tradition had forgotten who exactly Hreðric/Rorik/Hrok was and various story tellers subsequently invented details to explicate references to this personage in older poems. The future slaying of Hreðric may be the occasion of the future called-for of the hall of Heorot in the starting time of the verse form – though some accept information technology instead to refer to the legendary death of Hrólf Kraki, who in Icelandic sources is said to have died in the called-for of his hall by his brother-in-police force Hjörvard.
Beowulf and Bjarki [edit]
The standard view is that, if Beowulf himself has a 'cognate' character in Rolf Kraki'south story, it is Bödvar Bjarki (Bodvar Biarke),[x] who also has a younger companion, Hjalti (Hialte) – perhaps matching the Beowulf character Wiglaf. Beowulf comes from Geatland (= Götaland) and ane of Bödvar Bjarki'southward elder brothers, Thorir, becomes a rex of Götaland. Moreover, similar Beowulf, Bödvar Bjarki arrives in Kingdom of denmark from Götaland (Geatland), and upon arriving in Denmark he kills a beast that has been ravaging the Danish court for two years. The monster in Hrólf Kraki'due south saga, nevertheless, is quite unlike the Grendel of Beowulf; but information technology does have characteristics of a more than typical dragon, a creature which appears later on in Beowulf. Just as Beowulf and Wiglaf slay a dragon at the end of Beowulf, Bödvar Bjarki and Hjalti help each other slay the animal in Denmark.
Proponents of this theory, similar J. R. R. Tolkien,[11] argue that both the names Beowulf (lit. "bee-wolf", a kenning for "bear") and Bjarki are associated with bears. Bodvar Bjarki is constantly associated with bears, his begetter really being one.
In some of the Hrólf Kraki material, Bödvar Bjarki aids Adils in defeating Adils' uncle Áli, in the Boxing on the Water ice of Lake Vänern. In Beowulf, the hero Beowulf aids Eadgils in Eadgils' state of war against Onela. Equally far as this Swedish adventure is concerned, Beowulf and Bödvar Bjarki are ane and the same. This match supports the hypothesis that the adventure with the dragon is also originally derived from the same story.
Hrothgar and Hróar [edit]
Equally for the king of the Danes, Hroðgar, he is identical to Hróar or Ro, the uncle of Hrólf Kraki who in other sources outside of Beowulf rules as a co-rex with his brother Helgi. But in those sources it is Hróar/Hroðgar who dies before his blood brother or who departs to Northumberland to rule his wife'southward kingdom leaving Helgi/Halga the sole rule of Denmark. In Beowulf Halga/Helgi has died and Hroðgar is the chief ruler with Hroðulf son of Halga as a inferior co-ruler.
Furthermore, the Swedish kings referenced in Beowulf are adequately matched with the fifth and sixth century Swedish kings in Uppsala (see likewise Swedish semi-legendary kings): This has apparently zilch to do with a common origin of the Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki legends in particular but just reflects a shared genealogical tradition.
| Beowulf | Hrólf Kraki, Heimskringla etc. | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| Ongenþeow | Egil (Angantyr) | father of Ottar and Ale |
| Ohthere | Ottar | brother of Áli |
| Onela | Áli | brother of Ottar |
| Eadgils | Adils | son of Ottar |
Widsith [edit]
The verse form Widsith also mentions Hroðgar and Hroðulf, but indicates that the feud with Ingeld did not end until the latter was defeated at Heorot:
| lines 45–59: | |
| Hroþwulf ond Hroðgar heoldon lengest | Hroðulf and Hroðgar held the longest |
| sibbe ætsomne suhtorfædran, | peace together, uncle and nephew, |
| siþþan hy forwræcon wicinga cynn | since they repulsed the Viking-kin |
| ond Ingeldes ord forbigdan, | and Ingeld to the spear-point fabricated bow, |
| forheowan æt Heorote Heaðobeardna þrym. | hewn at Heorot Heaðobard'due south regular army. |
This piece suggests that the conflict between the Scyldings Hroðgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England. This conflict too appears in Scandinavian sources, simply in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family unit feud (see Hrólf Kraki'south saga and Skjöldunga saga).
Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses [edit]
The Chronicon Lethrense and the included Annales Lundenses tell that Haldan (Healfdene) had 2 sons, Helghe (Halga) and Ro (Hroðgar). When Haldan died of erstwhile age, Helghe and Ro divided the kingdom so that Ro ruled the land, and Helghe the ocean. I 24-hour interval, Helghe arrived in Halland/Lolland[12] and slept with Thore, the daughter of one of Ro's farmers. This resulted in a daughter named Yrse. Much afterwards, he met Yrse, and without knowing that she was his daughter, he made her pregnant with Rolf. Eventually, Helghe found out that Yrse was his own daughter and, out of shame, went e and killed himself.
Both Helghe and Ro being dead, a Swedish king, called Hakon in the Chronicon Lethrense proper, and Athisl in the Annales – corresponding to Eadgils – forced the Danes to accept a dog as rex. The domestic dog king was succeeded by Rolf Krage.
Rolf Krage was a large man in body and soul and was then generous that no ane asked him for anything twice. His sister Skulda was married confronting Rolf's will to Hartwar or Hiarwarth (Heoroweard), a German earl of Skåne, but reputedly Rolf had given Skulda to him together with Sweden.
This Hartwar arrived in Zealand with a large ground forces and said that he wanted to give his tribute to Rolf, but killed Rolf together with all his men. Only one survived, Wigg, who played along until he was to do homage to Hartwar. Then, he pierced Hartwar with a sword, and then Hartwar was king for only i forenoon.
Gesta Danorum [edit]
The Book 2 of the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus contains roughly the same information every bit the Chronicon Lethrense and the Annales Lundenses, i.eastward. that Ro (Hroðgar) and Helgo (Halga) were the son of Haldanus (Healfdene). When Haldanus died of old age, Ro took the state and Helgo the water. Ane day during his body of water roving, Helgo arrived at Thurø, where he found and raped the young girl Thora, which resulted in Urse (Yrsa). When Helgo after many years returned to Thurø, Thora avenged her lost virginity past sending Urse to Helgo who, unknowingly raped his own daughter. This resulted in Roluo, who was a gifted homo, both physically and intellectually and every bit brave equally he was tall. Afterward some time Helgo repelled a Swedish invasion, avenged Ro past killing the Swedish king Hothbrodd, and made the Swedes pay tribute. However, he committed suicide due to shame for his incestuous relationship with Urse. Roluo succeeded him.
The new male monarch of Sweden, Athislus (Eadgils), thought that the tribute to the Daner might exist smaller if he married the Danish rex's mother and and then took Urse for a queen. Nevertheless, after some fourth dimension, Urse was then upset with the Swedish male monarch's greed that she thought out a ruse to run away from the male monarch and at the aforementioned time liberate him of his wealth. She incited Athislus to rebel against Roluo, and arranged so that Roluo would be invited and promised a wealth in gifts.
At the feast Roluo was at starting time not recognised by his mother, only when their fondness was commented on by Athisl, the Swedish rex and Roluo made a wager where Roluo would prove his endurance. Roluo was placed in front of a fire that exposed him to such oestrus that finally a maiden could suffer the sight no more and extinguished the burn down. Roluo was greatly recompensed past Athisl for his endurance.
When the banquet had lasted for three days, Urse and Roluo escaped from Uppsala, early in the morning in carriages where they had put all the Swedish king'southward treasure. In social club to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path (after in the work, this is referred to as "sowing the Fyrisvellir"), although there was a rumour that she only spread gilt copper. When Athislus, who was pursuing the escapers saw that a precious ring was lying on the footing, he bent down to option information technology up. Roluo was pleased to see the male monarch of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother.
A fellow named Wigg was impressed with Roluo's bodily size and gave him the cognomen Krage, which meant a alpine tree trunk used every bit a ladder. Roluo liked this proper noun and rewarded Wigg with a heavy bracelet. Wigg, then, swore to Roluo to avenge him, if he was killed. Roluo later defeated Athislus and gave Sweden to swain named Hiartuar (Heoroweard), who also married Roluo's sister Skulde. Skulde, nonetheless, did not similar the fact that her hubby had to pay taxes to Roluo and then incited Hiartuar to rebel against him. They so went to Lejre (a town which Roluo had built) with artillery hidden in the ships, nether the pretense that they wanted to pay tribute.
They were well-received, simply after the banquet, when most people were drunk asleep, the Swedes and the Goths (i.eastward. the Geats) proceeded to impale everyone at Roluo's residence. After a long boxing, involving Roluo's champion Bjarki, who fought in the shape of a spirit bear until he was awakened by his comrade Hjalti, the Geats won and Roluo was killed.
Hiartuar asked Wigg if he wanted to fight for him, and Wigg said aye. Hiartuar wanted to give Wigg a sword, but he insisted on receiving it by taking the hilt. Having the hilt in his hand, Wigg pierced Hiartuar with the sword and so avenged Roluo. Swedes and Geats and so rushed forrad and killed Wigg. The Swedish king Høtherus (based on the god Höðr), the brother of Athislus, succeeded Roluo and became the king of a combined Sweden and Denmark.
Hrólfr Kraki'south saga [edit]
In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, Halfdan (Healfdene) had three children, the sons Helgi (Halga) and Hróarr (Hroðgar) and the girl Signý. The sis was the eldest and married to Sævil Jarl, with whom she had the son Hrókr. Halfdan was murdered by his own brother Fróði (Froda) and the 2 brothers had to seek refuge with a man chosen Vivil on an island, until they could avenge their father and kill Fróði. Whereas Hróarr moved to Northumbria and married the king's girl, Helgi (i.e. Halga) went to the Saxons wanting to woo their warlike queen Oluf. She was, however, non interested and humiliated Helgi by shaving his caput and roofing him with tar, while he was asleep, and sending him back to his ship. Some time afterwards, Helgi returned and through a ruse, he kidnapped the queen for a while during which fourth dimension he made her pregnant.
Having returned to her kingdom, the queen bore a child, a girl which she named Yrsa afterwards her dog. Yrsa was set to live equally a shepherd, until she was 12 years former, when she met her male parent Helgi who fell in love with her, non knowing it was his daughter. Oluf kept quiet about the parentage and saw information technology equally her revenge that Helgi would wed his ain daughter. Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr.
Learning that Helgi and Yrsa lived happily together, queen Oluf travelled to Denmark to tell her daughter the truth. Yrsa was shocked and although Helgi wanted their relationship to remain as it was, Yrsa insisted on leaving him to alive solitary. She was subsequently taken past the Swedish king Aðils (Eadgils) as his queen, which made Helgi even more than unhappy. Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, simply was killed by Aðils in battle. In Lejre, he was succeeded by his son Hrólfr.
Hrólfr soon assembled twelve not bad berserkers named Hrómundr harði, Hrólfr skjóthendi, Svipdagr, Beigaðr, Hvítserkr inn hvati, Haklangr, Harðrefill, Haki inn frækni, Vöttr inn mikilaflaði, Starólfr, Hjalti inn hugprúði and Bödvar Bjarki.
Later on some fourth dimension, Bödvar Bjarki encouraged Hrólfr to get Uppsala to merits the gilded that Aðils had taken from Helgi after the battle. Hrólfr departed with 120 men and his twelve berserkers and during a rest they were tested by a farmer called Hrani (Odin in disguise) who advised Hrólfr to send back all his troops but his twelve berserkers, as numbers would not help him against Aðils.
They were at first well received, merely in his hall, Aðils did his best to stop Hrólfr with pit traps and hidden warriors who attacked the Danes. Finally Aðils entertained them only put them to a examination where they had to endure immense heat past a burn down. Hrólfr and his berserkers finally had enough and threw the courtiers, who were feeding the fire, into the fire and leapt at Aðils. The Swedish king disappeared through a hollow tree body that stood in his hall.
Hrólfr Kraki and his warriors leap beyond the flames. Illustration by the Danish Lorenz Frølich in a 19th-century book.
Yrsa admonished Aðils for wanting to kill her son, and went to meet the Danes. She gave them a human being named Vöggr to entertain them. This Vöggr remarked that Hrólfr had the thin face of a pole ladder, a Kraki. Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr and his company were then attacked past a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, merely Hrólfr'southward dog Gram killed it.
They then institute out that Aðils had set up the hall on burn, and so they broke out of the hall, simply to notice themselves surrounded past heavily armed warriors in the street. After a fight, king Aðils retreated to summon reinforcements.
Yrsa then provided her son with a silvery drinking horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring, Svíagris. Then she gave Hrólf and his men twelve of the Swedish rex's best horses, and all the armour and provisions they needed.
Hrólfr took a fond bye of his female parent and departed over the Fyrisvellir. When they saw Aðils and his warriors in pursuit, they spread the gold backside themselves. Aðils saw his precious Svíagris on the ground and stooped to option it up with his spear, whereupon Hrólf cut his dorsum with his sword and screamed in triumph that he had bent the back of the most powerful homo in Sweden.
Hrólfr lived in peace for some time. However, his half-elven one-half-sister Skuld was married to Hjörvarðr (Heoroweard) one of Hrólfr's subkings, and she began to turn her husband against Hrólfr. Under the pretext that they would wait three years before paying the accumulated tribute at one time, Skuld assembled a large regular army which included potent warriors, criminals, elves and norns. She used seiðr (witchcraft) to hide the great muster from Hrólfr and his champions.
They then arrived at Lejre 1 yule for the midwinter celebrations, with all the weapons hidden in wagons. A fight started and like in the account found in Gesta Danorum, Bödvar Bjarki fought in the shape of a spirit bear until he was awakened by Hjalti. Skuld used her witchcraft to resuscitate her fallen warriors and afterward a long fight Hrólfr and all his berserkers vicious.
Skuld became the ruler of Denmark just did not rule well. Bödvar Bjarki'due south brothers Elk-Froði and Þorir Houndsfoot went to Denmark to avenge their brother. The Swedish queen Yrsa gave them a large Swedish army headed by Vöggr. They captured Skuld before she could employ her magic and tortured her to death. Then they raised a mound for Hrólfr Kraki where he was buried together with his sword Skofnung.
Skjöldunga saga [edit]
The Skjöldunga saga [13] [xiv] relates that Helgo (Halga) was the male monarch of Denmark together with his brother Roas (Hroðgar). Helgo raped Olava, the queen of the Saxons, and she diameter a daughter named Yrsa. The girl later married male monarch Adillus (Eadgils), the king of Sweden, with whom she had the daughter Scullda.
Some years after, Helgo attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa, non knowing that she was his ain daughter. He raped her and took her back to Denmark, where she bore the son Rolfo. After a few years, Yrsa's mother, queen Olava, came to visit her and told her that Helgo was her ain father. In horror, Yrsa returned to Adillus, leaving her son behind. Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years onetime, and Rolfo succeeded him, and ruled together with his uncle Roas. Not much afterwards, Roas was killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo, whereupon Rolfo became the sole king of Denmark.
In Sweden, Yrsa and Adillus married Scullda to the king of Öland, Hiørvardus (also called Hiorvardus and Hevardus, and who corresponds to Heoroweard in Beowulf). As her half-blood brother Rolfo was not consulted nigh this union, he was infuriated and he attacked Öland and fabricated Hiørvardus and his kingdom tributary to Denmark.
Afterwards some fourth dimension Adillus requested Rolfo'south aid against rex Ale (Onela) of Oppland, and Rolfo sent him his berserkers. Adillus then won the state of war, but refused to pay the expected tribute for the aid and so Rolfo came to Uppsala to claim his recompense. After surviving some traps, Rolfo fled with Adillus' gold, helped by his mother Yrsa, and "sowed" it on the Fyrisvellir.
Hiørvardus and his queen Skullda rebelled against Rolfo and killed him. However, Hiørvardus did non alive long after this and was killed. Rolfo was succeeded by his male parent's cousin Rörek, who, even so, had to leave Skåne to Valdar and could only keep Zealand.
Skáldskaparmál [edit]
"Rolf Krake sår guld på Fyrisvall" (1830) by Huge Hamilton. Hrolf Kraki fleeing the Swedish king Adils on the Fýrisvellir.
In the Skáldskaparmál past Snorri Sturluson, the story of Hrólfr Kraki is presented in guild to explicate why gold was known by the kenning Kraki's seed.
Snorri relates that Hrólfr was the most renowned king in Kingdom of denmark for valour, generosity and graciousness. One day a poor boy called Vöggr arrived and expressed his surprise that such a great king would await like a little pole (kraki). Hrólfr said that Vöggr had given him a proper noun and gave Vöggr a golden ring in recompense. In gratitude Vöggr swore to Hrólfr to avenge him, should he be killed.
A second tale was when the rex of Sweden, Aðils (Eadgils), was in war with a Norwegian king named Áli (Onela), and they fought in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. Aðils was married to Yrsa, the female parent of Hrólfr and so sent an embassy to Hrólfr asking him for help against Áli. He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense. Hrólfr was involved in a war confronting the Saxons and could non come up in person but sent his twelve berserkers. Áli died in the war, and Aðils took Áli's helmet Battle-boar and his horse Raven. The berserkers demanded three pounds of gold each in pay, and they demanded to cull the gifts that Aðils had promised Hrólfr, that is the two pieces of armour that nothing could pierce: the helmet boxing-boar and the mailcoat Finn'due south heritage. They too wanted the famous ring Svíagris. Aðils considered the pay outrageous and refused.
When Hrólfr heard that Aðils refused to pay, he set off to Uppsala. They brought the ships to the river Fyris and rode directly to the Swedish king'southward hall at Uppsala with his twelve berserkers. Yrsa welcomed them and led them to their lodgings. Fires were prepared for them and they were given drinks. However, so much wood was heaped on the fires that the clothes started to burn down away from their bodies. Hrólfr and his men had enough and threw the courtiers on the burn. Yrsa arrived and gave them a horn total of gold, the ring Svíagris and asked them to flee. As they rode over the Fyrisvellir, they saw Aðils and his men pursuing them. The fleeing men threw their gold on the plain and so that the pursuers would finish to collect the gilt. Aðils, however, connected the chase on his horse Slöngvir. Hrólfr and then threw Svíagris and saw how Aðils stooped downwardly to pick up the ring with his spear. Hrólfr exclaimed that he had seen the mightiest homo in Sweden curve his back.
Ynglinga saga [edit]
The Skjöldunga saga [14] was used by Snorri Sturluson as a source when he told the story of Aðils (Eadgils) and Yrsa, in his Ynglinga saga, a office of the Heimskringla. What remains of the Skjöldunga saga is a Latin summary past Arngrímur Jónsson, and so the two versions are basically the same, the main divergence beingness that Arngrímur'southward version is more than terse.
Snorri relates that Aðils betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geirþjófr and queen Alof the Not bad. The rex and consort were non at dwelling house, and so Aðils and his men plundered their residence at ease driving cattle and captives downwardly to the ships. One of the captives was a remarkably beautiful girl named Yrsa, and Snorri writes that everyone was shortly impressed with the well-mannered, pretty and intelligent girl. Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen.
Some years later, Helgi (Halga), who ruled in Lejre, attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa. He raped Yrsa, his own daughter, and took her dorsum to Lejre, where she bore him the son Hrólfr. When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her ain father. Horrified, Yrsa returned to Aðils, leaving her son backside, and stayed in Sweden for the rest of her life. When Hrólfr was viii years old, Helgi died during a state of war expedition and Hrólf was proclaimed king.
Snorri finishes his account by briefly mentioning that the Skjöldunga saga contained an extensive business relationship of how Hrólf came to Uppsala and sowed gilded on the Fyrisvellir.
Gróttasöngr [edit]
Fenja and Menja at the manufacturing plant
The Gróttasöngr contains a stanza (nr 22) sung by the giantesses Fenja and Menja. It just names Yrsa and the situation that her son and blood brother (i.e. Hroðulf) volition avenge Fródi (Froda):
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This piece cannot refer to Hrólfr Kraki's saga where Froda was the one-half-blood brother of Healfdene because this Froda was killed past Hroðgar (and therefore they avenged him). It tin can, however, be interpreted through the Skjöldunga saga in which Hroðulf's uncle Hroðgar was murdered by his half-brother Froda.
Either Frodi'southward death is the 1 they want to avenge, or they seek vengeance for Hroðgar, killed by his half brother. The Danish equivalent of hefna is at hævne, meaning revenge (or avenging), in this instance for Fródi's murder, indicating no relation to Hroðgars decease, but to Frodi'south. 'Kin' and 'kinsmen' share a sure reference to blood relation, yet 'brother' tin also have the pregnant of either: 'i of u.s.' and 'our tribesmen', or simply 'son and brother'. After being recognized for his deeds, Yrsa volition see Hroðulf as her son once more than.[ citation needed ]
Gautreks saga [edit]
Hrólfr Kraki is mentioned briefly in Gautreks saga, written around 1300, when the adventurer Ref comes to him with a gift consisting of two dogs. In render for this gift Hrólfr gives him a helmet and a chainmail, both made of red gold.
Modern references [edit]
Danish playwright Johannes Ewald wrote a play virtually Rolf Krage (1770), based on Saxo's version of the story in Gesta Danorum. Danish poet Adam Oehlenschläger wrote a verse form, Helge: et Digt (1814).
The American author Poul Anderson used this story in his novel Hrolf Kraki's Saga (1973). Anderson'southward story begins in earlier generations and more or less follows the version in Hrolfr Kraki's Saga described in a higher place. The volume was well received by many fantasy fans.
"Sellic Spell', a fictionalized treatment of the story by J. R. R. Tolkien, was published in Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary on May 22, 2014,[16] Tolkien himself explaining that his was "a limited...attempt to reconstruct the Anglo-Saxon tale that lies behind the folk-tale chemical element in Beowulf".[17]
The Danish Navy's first ironclad warship was named Rolf Krake.
Notes [edit]
- ^ The dating has never been a matter of controversy. It is inferred from the internal chronology of the sources themselves and the dating of Hygelac's raid on Frisia to c. 516. Information technology is likewise supported past archaeological excavations of the barrows of Eadgils and Ohthere in Sweden. For a give-and-take, see e.thousand. Birger Nerman'southward Det svenska rikets uppkomst (1925) (in Swedish). For presentations of the archaeological findings, see due east.g. Elisabeth Klingmark's Gamla Uppsala, Svenska kulturminnen 59, Riksantikvarieämbetet (in Swedish), or this English language presentation past the Swedish National Heritage Lath Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Shippey, T. A.: Wicked Queens and Cousin Strategies in Beowulf and Elsewhere, Notes and Bibliography. In The Heroic Age Issue v Summer 2012. Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ lines 1011-1017
- ^ lines 1162-1165
- ^ Lines 53-63
- ^ Wright, David. Beowulf. Panther Books, 1970. ISBN 0-586-03279-7. page 14
- ^ Lines 1181-1188.
- ^ Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
- ^ The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes. (1907–21) Volume I: "From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance".
- ^ Tom Shippey, J. R. R. Tolkien (London 2001) p. 31
- ^ T. A. Shippey, The Road to Middle-Earth (London 1992) p. 73
- ^ Halland according to Chronicon Lethrense proper, Lolland according to the included Register of Lund
- ^ The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf past Olson, 1916, at Projection Gutenberg
- ^ a b Nerman (1925:150)
- ^ "Archived copy". world wide web.northvegr.org. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit championship (link) - ^ JRR Tolkien translation of Beowulf to be published subsequently ninety-year expect
- ^ C. Tolkien ed., J. R. R. Tolkien: Beowulf (London 2015) p. 355
Bibliography and external links [edit]
- English language translations of the Old Norse Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans :
- The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and his Champions. Trans. Peter Tunstall (2003). Available at Norse saga: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and Northvegr: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki.
- The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. Trans. Jesse L. Byock (1998). London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-043593-X. Selection from this translation are available at The Viking Site: Excerpts from The Saga of Rex Hrolf Kraki.
- "Rex Hrolf and his champions" included in Eirik the Blood-red: And Other Icelandic Sagas. Trans. Gwyn Jones (1961). Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, Oxford Academy Press. ISBN 0-xix-283530-0.
- Original texts:
- Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Onetime Norse from heimskringla.no
- Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Old Norse from heimskringla.no
- University of Oregon: Norse: Fornaldarsögur norðurlanda: Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans
- Sagnanet: Hrólfs saga kraka
- Anderson, Poul (1973). Hrolf Kraki'southward Saga. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-23562-2. New York: Del Rey Books. ISBN 0-345-25846-0. Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, ISBN 0-671-65426-8.
- Literary Encyclopedia entry
- Birger Nerman, 1925, Det svenska rikets uppkomst (in Swedish)
- Beowulf:
- Beowulf read aloud in Sometime English
- Mod English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
- Modern English translation by John Lesslie Hall
- Ringler, Dick. Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery, May 2005. Searchable text with full sound available, from the Academy of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.
- Several different Modern English translations
- Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense:
- Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense in translation by Peter Tunstall
- The same translation at Northvegr
- Book 2 of Gesta Danorum at the Online and Medieval & Classical library
- The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg
- the Ynglinga saga in translation by Samuel Laing, 1844, at Northvegr
- The Gróttasöngr in Thorpe's translation
- Skáldskaparmál:
- Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda in the original linguistic communication
- CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (English)
- CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (Former Norse)
- Malone, Kemp. Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech. S. Einarsson & N.E. Eliason, eds. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1959.
- Lukman, Niels Clausen. Skjoldunge und Skilfinge. Hunnen- und Heruler-könige in Ostnordischer Überlieferung. Classica et Mediaevalia, dissertationes Iii. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag, 1943.
- Hemmingsen, Lars. By Word of Mouth: the origins of Danish legendary history - studies in European learned and popular traditions of Dacians and Danes earlier A.D. 1200. Ph.D. dissertation, Academy of Copenhagen (Dept. of Folklore), 1995.
- Anderson, Carl Edlund. Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English). [1]
- Overing, Gillian R., and Marijane Osborn. 'Landscape of Want: Partial Stories of the Medieval Scandinavian World.' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994: 1-37. (possible sailing times and the business relationship of a "Beowulfian" voyage on the Cattegat)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfr_Kraki
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